There are currently more than 10,000 apps within the Apple App Store’s “medical, health care & fitness” category alone4. The use of apps, as well as other functions smartphones enable such as viewing patients’ radiological images8,9, and communicating with colleagues10, permit healthcare professionals to perform numerous tasks at point-of-care. "[Smartphones have] so many components from different countries, which all have their own challenges regarding fairness." Because smartphones and other mobile devices may be necessary for hospital communication between healthcare professionals, especially doctors, they can’t be restricted all together. The following words and combinations of them were used to carry out the search for publications, mHealth, Apps, Ethics. Results: Ninety-one per cent of healthcare professionals owned a mobile phone of which 87% used it during clinical practice. Approximately 98,000 patients die annually in the US due to medical errors, the majority of which are caused by ineffective communication [1-6]. Phillippi, J. C., & Wyatt, T. H. (2011). However, it is unknown as to whether these advertisements were displayed. The most common medical app used was MIMs (n = 7), followed by Uptodate (n = 6), and MedCal (n = 5). Scalpel, stethoscope, iPad: The future is now in the intensive care unit. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. The ten participants that used a mobile without app support in clinical practice or were unsure if it had app support were asked if they were aware of medical apps specifically designed for healthcare professionals. The most common concern is the effect of radiofrequency (RF) energy waves produced by phones when held close to the head. 3. This result is quite concerning given that the content of information retrieved from online searches is not always reliable. Personal smartphones that use unsecure networks and or not password protected pose a … “Click first, care second” photography. Flannigan, C., & McAloon, J. When healthcare professionals were questioned in regards to use of their mobile within clinical practice it became evident that with the exception of telephone calls, which can be performed on non-smartphones, several other common functions utilised can only be performed on smartphones (e.g., accessing emails, the internet and apps). Mobile phone use during clinical practice Most of these app… No healthcare professional was supplied with a smartphone by their clinical/healthcare workplace. As can be seen in figure 1, the majority of participants had a privately owned mobile and a large number of them used this mobile for clinical/healthcare work purposes. Seven participants worked within allied health (e.g., physiotherapy, psychology), 20 in medicine (e.g., adult hospital medicine, general practice), 15 in clinical nursing (e.g., hospital theatre, hospital ward), and one as a research nurse. Demographics 400 Saint Bernardine Street Second, they do not have the resources, processes and technologies to prevent and detect attacks and adequately protect healthcare data. Ethical issues related to electronic health records (EHRs) confront health personnel. Among respondents who chose health care as their employment sector, 88.6% said they used their personal phones for work purposes. The use of smartphones is becoming ubiquitous among medical professionals and the use of clinical photography has become an integral component of the management of patients in a variety of visually orientated specialties. On the other hand, if healthcare professionals were expected to use privately owned mobiles within clinical practice then one could not impose regulations on how these devices are to be used for non-work purposes. Thirty-two healthcare professionals obtained their qualification in Australia. Burns, K., & Belton, S. (2012). Background: Over the last few years mobile phone applications have been designed for healthcare professionals. Savel, R. H., & Munro, C. L. (2011). The idea of supplying healthcare professionals with smartphones does not entirely resolve concerns regarding patient confidentiality; it would be a step in the right direction as healthcare professionals can be encouraged to minimise private information on work owned smartphones. Healthcare professionals’ concerns in regards to being perceived to use a mobile for non-work purposes depended on whom they were seen by when using the device. Safe and effective patient care demand interdisciplinary collaboration and communication among healthcare providers [8]. 8146.0, viewed 5 April 2012, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/4E4D83E02F39FC32CA25796600152BF4?opendocument. Smartphones are quickly becoming a nearly ubiquitous technology. Attitudes towards the use of mobile phones and the internet in clinical practice. • Social media is a distraction for people who manage time poorly. Furthermore, the use of a specifically designed app also impeded healthcare professionals in regards to their speed at assessing an ischemic stroke12. To address these, hospitals are: Ensuring correct storage and disposal of photographs. “Nearly 42 percent of hospitals interviewed are still reliant on pagers, noisy overhead paging systems and landline phones for communications and care coordination.”. 7. A randomised control trial to determine if use of the iResus application on a smart phone improves the performance of an advanced life support provider in a simulated medical emergency. The Lancet, 9, 765. Given that healthcare professionals are time poor we chose to collect data via an on-line survey because it is quicker to complete a survey by this means than to complete and return a paper based survey via physical mail. Negative Impact of Smartphones on Our Health Now that we’ve unpacked some of the little-known positives, let’s turn the focus towards two potentially negative impacts smartphones are having on our health. In 2009, approximately 64 percent of physicians in the U.S. owned smartphones [1]. 11. However, for eight out of the ten statements showing significant differences between the internet and mobile phones, attitudes towards mobiles were still rated positively. Interference by new-generation mobile phones on critical care medical equipment. Do you use your smartphone to collect and analyse your performance at the gym? However, little is known in regards to healthcare professionals’ use of and attitudes towards using smartphones (and applications) within clinical practice. Thus the survey questions within this study are very similar to that reported within our previous study19. Dr Nicole Koehler was employed within the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences at Monash University at the time this study was conducted. The uptake of this technology is rapid: two-thirds of physicians and 42% of the public used smartphones as of late 2009, despite the recession that began a year earlier. Digital epidemiology—the use of data generated outside the public health system for disease surveillance—has been in use for more than a quarter century [see supplementary materials (SM)]. Mobile phone ownership Resuscitation, 82, 1424-1427. (2013).19. professionals’ cross-infection concerns relate to the fact that as portable devices mobiles may be used between patient encounters with a subsequent cross-infection risk should healthcare professions not wash their hands. Problematic use of the mobile phone can be defined as ‘an inability to regulate one’s use of the mobile phone, which eventually involves negative consequences in daily life (e.g. Given the evidence of smartphones assisting clinical practice11,13 and the prevalence of use in our study population, it was surprising to find that only 16% had a mobile phone provided by their clinical/healthcare workplace and of note, none were smartphones. The recent adoption and use of smartphones by both consumers and providers of health care are the focus of this timely report by Jane Sarasohn-Kahn. Worldwide, 3.4 billion people own a smartphone, and half will be using mobile health apps. Strong passwords are a must, and multiple layers of authentication are ideal. Despite this, most healthcare professionals had reservations pertaining to mobile use within clinical practice, including the use of privately owned mobiles and the potential for confidentiality breaches and cross-infection. Forty-three healthcare professionals completed the survey. Participants had a mean age of 42.3 years (n = 43, SD = 11.1, range = 28-66). Discussion We talk on our smartphones, we text on them, we take pictures and post them to social networks, we communicate in 140-character “tweets,” and share our thoughts and events on our personal networks. When comparing attitudes towards the internet and mobile phones, in general attitudes towards both were favourable but more so for the internet. found that non-medically trained individuals’ performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a hypothetical emergency scenario was slower in those using a specifically designed app compared to those without the app14. 16. van Lieshout, E. J., van der Veer, S. N., Hensbroek, R., Korevaar, J. C., Vroom, M. B., & Schultz, M. J. There are, however, critical concerns related to this trend. Two thirds of the 15 participants that used medical apps had used a medical app in the presence of their patient. Closely related to this topic is that patient confidentiality could be breached when smartphones are used to send messages or images pertaining to patients3,18. Smartphones interfering with medical equipment, especially in critical care settings, is another concern16. In meetings, smartphones can be one of the main distracting tool in the meeting and during presentation as the individual might play with him phone and don’t attention or might chat or do many other staffs which cross the work track in the workplace. Among all respondents, 39% said they don’t password-protect their phones. A single breach would potentially compromise thousands of patients’ data, leaving them vulnerable to a medical identity theft.” Research states the following: employee-owned devices are compromised at more than twice the rate of devices owned by corporations; 40 percent of Americans don’t have password protection on their mobile devices; and 51 percent use public Wi-Fi hotspots, which are vulnerable to data breaches. Procedure Revised April 3, 2003. Reading, Pennsylvania 19607 Examine judicious use of Social Media and its implications in Healthcare If the majority of nurses use personal smartphones for clinical communications and workflow, then nurses could be violating federal laws (specifically, HIPAA), hospital security policies and the American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics, according to American Nurse Today. Anaesthesia, 66, 255-262. Health care organizations that utilize electronic and social media typically have policies governing employee use of such media in the workplace. The study reported here is part of a larger study which examined individuals’ attitudes towards healthcare professionals using mobile phones within clinical practice. Examine personal Smart Phone use and its implications in Healthcare Identify and explain a minimum of 3 unethical uses of Smartphones in healthcare (including text messaging and pictures) Discuss potential benefits to appropriate Smartphone use in healthcare Examine judicious use of Social Media and its implications in Healthcare ing students’ perspectives on using their smartphones’ video apps to reflect on a nursing skill, in particular, the skill of how to assess clients’ readiness to learn. Nurses should also install mobile security, because “your smartphone is as much a computer as your laptop or desktop at home,” Working Nurse says. This means that cell phones and other mobile devices aren’t equipped with protective technology like encryption, firewalls and antivirus software. As a result, 88 percent of hospitals were concerned with some type of HIPAA-related security risk. One study found that smartphones placed within 3 cm of critical care equipment produced interference16. Our results suggest that mobile phone use, in particular smartphone use, within clinical practice is likely to increase in the future. The five participants that used a smartphone during clinical practice and were aware of medical apps (see figure 1) but did not have them on their smartphone indicated the following reason(s) for not having them: not knowing how to obtain them (n = 1), finding medical apps too expensive (n = 1), having no need to use medical apps (n = 1), and other (n = 3). Many healthcare organizations are using social media to engage with patients and consumers. Community Oncology, 9, 141-142. None had a smartphone that was owned by their clinical/healthcare workplace or a non-clinical workplace (see figure 1). Those that were permitted to use apps reported that their clinical/healthcare employer did not pay for expenses associated with medical apps. According to the survey, more than 90,000 mobile health apps are available. In regards to using technology compared to traditional means of locating information such as in textbooks, healthcare professionals generally preferred to use technology and this was more so for the internet than apps. These devices can monitor a patient's vital signs and they can be relayed real time to the hospital a standby team that uses this data to monitor patient's status. Another concern regarding the use of mobiles within clinical practice pertains to cross-infection3,12,15. When mobile phones are used very close to some medical devices (including pacemakers, implantable defibrillators, and certain hearing aids) there is the possibility of causing interference with their operation. However, when participants were asked whether their clinical/healthcare employer permitted them to use medical apps, four responded with a ‘yes’, whereas the remaining 16 did not know. Healthcare, medical research, as well as technological and pharmaceutical companies are […] The survey terminated for participants that did not meet the participation criteria. A survey of a large hospital corporation in London found that 53.2 percent of nurses considered their smartphone “very useful” or “useful” for helping with clinical duties. Given that the use of mobiles, and in particularly apps, is relatively recent we were also interested in healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards using mobiles within clinical practice. The growing use of smartphones to access patient data has led to concern among CIOs and other technology managers that such uses could increase the likelihood of security breaches in which protected health information (PHI)—for example, patient data that resides on or is accessed using a smartphone—is inappropriately disclosed. 10. However, these issues can be overcome if data is stored within programs that can be erased remotely when a smartphone is reported to be lost or stolen17. Another concern associated with using smartphones within clinical practice is in regards to treating patient information in a secure manner and that this may be breached should a smartphone be lost or stolen2,17. Monash University staff members were invited to participate in an on-line survey on the use of mobile phones and the internet in clinical practice via an advertisement on Monash Notices (a weekly electronic university newsletter) over a 3 month period. 4. Are individuals more accepting of the internet than mobile phone apps being used in clinical practice? First, healthcare organizations manage a treasure trove of financially lucrative personal information. These statements pertained to: 1) confidentiality concerns regarding recording of patient information on mobiles; and 2) healthcare professionals’ perception that patients would assume that their use of mobiles was for non-medical purposes (e.g., texting a friend). With the exception of one participant who stated in a written response to a question that they used an iPad we are unaware as to whether healthcare professionals within our study owned tablets. Thus these healthcare professionals could not even utilise functions other healthcare professionals commonly use such as accessing medical apps and the internet. 6. When healthcare professionals were asked in regards to obtaining information on the internet, 79% would use an internet search engine (e.g., Google) to search for an unfamiliar clinical condition. Journal of Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries, 8, 194-199. Medical Journal of Australia, 197, 265. (2011). Examine personal Smart Phone use and its implications in Healthcare Identify and explain a minimum of 3 unethical uses of Smartphones in healthcare (including text messaging and pictures) Discuss potential benefits to appropriate Smartphone use in healthcare Examine judicious use of Social Media and its implications in Healthcare However, it must be kept in mind that Low et al.’s study involved a simulated environment, as opposed to real clinical situations, and did not obtain extensive information pertaining to healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards using mobiles in clinical practice13. Social media refers to the communication between people in different countries around the world. Interestingly, 80% of our study participants that used a smartphone in clinical practice and were aware of medical apps were unsure if their workplace permitted the use of apps. The two participants that would not. Furthermore, as a comparison, we were also interested in healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards internet use in clinical practice given that it preceded the use of apps and thus may be perceived to be more acceptable to use. According to a 2015 study from the Ponemon Institute, criminal attacks are the leading cause of healthcare data breaches — a first in the five years of the study’s history. Several of the attitudinal differences in regards to using a mobile compared to the internet in clinical practice could be attributed to the internet preceding mobiles. Anaesthesia, 66, 620-631. In contrast the internet is commonly used in educational and work settings and thus may be perceived as facilitating medical care more so than mobiles. Half of hospitals interviewed planned to invest in or evaluate enterprise-class smartphone solutions over the next 18 months. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171, 1294-1296. Practical Uses of Smartphones and Mobile Devices in Product and Service Industries. These perceptions even extend to what they perceive others think they are doing when using these devices. Many of the issues with smartphones have to do with the ability of companies to always know the location of their smartphones. Those who had a mobile were asked a series of questions pertaining to the mobile(s) such as but not limited to ownership (private, clinical/healthcare workplace, non-clinical/healthcare workplace), apps support, and purposes for which the mobile is used. In a separate study, the Ponemon Institute found that data breaches in healthcare are the most expensive to remediate, and the cost is rising. no. In addition, many participants were uncertain as to whether the use of medical apps was permitted at their clinical/healthcare workplace. “Apple only collects information on the location of nearby cell towers and Wi-Fi networks. The RN to BSN Completion Program takes place in a flexible online learning environment that allows students to maintain their work and personal schedule. b>Background : Over the last few years mobile phone applications have been designed for healthcare professionals. Conclusions Smartphones are powerful devices that combine the conventional functions of a mobile phone with advanced computing capabilities enabling users to access software applications (commonly termed “apps”)2,3. consider obtaining a smartphone reasoned that they use an iPad instead and that their work decides what phone they will have based on cost. One such concern pertains to patient confidentiality2,3,17,18. From a literature survey, this paper attempts to recognize ethical issues with personal health monitoring apps on smartphones, viewed in light of general ethics of ubiquitous computing. However, it is reassuring to note that only 17% used Wikipedia more frequently than online journals to obtain clinical information. It facilitates the process of exchanging information, creating ideas, sharing photos and more in a short period of time regardless of the distance between people. © journalMTM.com | Journal of Mobile Technology in Medicine Inc.Electronic ISSN 1839-7808. Whether nurses and other healthcare professionals use their own smartphone or a provided device, hospital policies for smartphone use must be based on federal and state regulations. British Medical Journal, 344, e871. Healthcare professionals were more likely to be concerned that patients seeing them use a mobile would think they are using it for non-work purposes as opposed to being seen by a fellow healthcare professional. The three participants that indicated ‘other’ specified that they preferred to use a computer (n = 2) and that they have not looked for apps or had any recommended to them (n = 1). Baumgart, D. C. (2011). Nurses should limit use to encrypted networks with passwords and firewalls. Smartphone Use and its Implications in Healthcare Unethical uses of smartphones in healthcare Sharing patient information via text messages Taking pictures of patients without their consent Using smartphone for personal use which can lead to distraction. This number is likely to rise with an increasing number of healthcare professionals obtaining smartphones and becoming aware of medical apps. One quarter of healthcare professionals within our study expressed concerns regarding cross-infection when using smartphones to access apps whilst attending to patients. Examine personal Smart Phone use and its implications in Healthcare Identify and explain a minimum of 3 unethical uses of Smartphones in healthcare (including text messaging and pictures) Discuss potential benefits to appropriate Smartphone use in healthcare Examine judicious use of Social Media and its implications in Healthcare One such concern that has been raised is the risk of pathogen transfer3,12,15. Furthermore, given that the internet preceded smartphones, we also established healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards internet use in clinical practice as a comparison. Low, D., Clark, N., Soar, J., Padkin, A., Stoneham, A., Perkins, G. D., & Nolan, J. Our study shows that mobiles, including smartphones, are commonly used within clinical practice and that at present most healthcare professionals use their privately owned device. Mobile resources for nursing students and nursing faculty. In contrast, the average cost of a data breach across all industries is $154. Healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards the use of mobile phones and the internet in clinical practice. Participants rated eleven analogous statements pertaining to their attitudes towards mobile phone versus internet use in clinical practice (see table 2). Available: http://springerlink.com/content/p6t82ph541835u75/. Two-thirds of nurses owning medical apps use them as part of their clinical practice. The possibility of security breaches and compromised patient data can undermine the connectivity and safety of healthcare environments. British Medical Journal, 342, d1124. To avoid healthcare staff misusing smartphones for non-work related functions that may compromise patient care, there are policies you can implement. The first two survey questions established whether participants have a healthcare qualification and whether they had practiced within the last two years. Havelka, S. (2011). Examine personal Smart Phone use and its implications in Healthcare Identify and explain a minimum of 3 unethical uses of Smartphones in healthcare (including text messaging and pictures) Discuss potential benefits to appropriate Smartphone use in healthcare Examine judicious use of Social Media and its implications in Healthcare In conclusion, these findings suggest that smartphones may become a key resource within clinical practicein the future. Around unsecured wireless networks and unencrypted apps how to develop, use and its in! Apps when attending to patients directed to the survey terminated for participants that did not pay for associated! 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